Their empire, which lasted from the 20th to the seventh centuries B.C., was centered on the cities of Assur, Nineveh and Arbela in what is now northern Iraq. (2012). His stele tells of a civil war of sorts and is backed by later Greek sources. Babylonian wealth and influence at this time is reflected in the use of the cuneiform script and the Babylonian language as the main form of diplomatic communication. Is The NIV Purposefully Removing References To Fasting? 55, pp. June 14, 2022; pros and cons of stem cell therapy for knees . P. Huber, P. Review of Gasche et al., Fall of Babylon, Archiv fr Orientforschung 46-47, 1999-2000, pp. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. When Burnaburia II died, his son Kara-harda succeeded him but was assassinated in a rebellion (1328 BCE). This discovery was made by the same archaeologist (Ludwig Borchardt) that discovered the Nefertiti bust and helped excavate the Amarna region. 535-545, Taha Baqir, "Iraq Government Excavations at 'Aqar Qf. They include administrative and legal texts, letters, seal inscriptions, private votive inscriptions, and even a literary text (usually identified as a fragment of a historical epic). Biblical Archaeology Review is the guide on that fascinating journey. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Bible Charts and Maps, PO Box 171053, Austin, TX 78717 Kassite, member of an ancient people known primarily for establishing the second, or middle, Babylonian dynasty; they were believed (perhaps wrongly) to have originated in the Zagros Mountains of Iran. R. Zadok, The Origin of the Name Shinar, ZA 74, 1984, pp. Charpin, 1995). 95102, O. R. Gurney, Texts from Dur-Kurigalzu, Iraq, vol. [56], Seals were used widely across the Near Eastern kingdoms during the Kassite rule. The texts from the Kassite Period (1600-1160 BCE) start to overlap with the biblical texts of the Old Testament because at this point most nations already had developed a written language and new technologies allowed for communications to now be written down and passed along to others. Idem, Hurrians as Well as Individuals Bearing Hurrian and Strange Names in Sumerian Sources, in A. F. Rainey, A. Kempinski, and M. Sigrist, eds., Kinatttu a drti. S. F. C. Richardson, The Collapse of a Complex State: A Reappraisal of the End of the First Dynasty of Babylon, 1683-1597 B.C., Ph.D. Kassites. A general or Prince called Tuthmoses (later just Moses) whose adopted mother named him after herself, Ahmose was Pharoah of Egypt with his adopted mother mother for a time and may have even been Pharoah by himself as Ahmose I. Ahmose II was most likely the Pharoah of the Exodus. Dr-Kurigalzu: Insights from Unpublished Iraqi Excavation Reports". They date the fall of Babylon to ca. The first place to start when trying to locate the Garden of Eden is in the Bible. [5] The chief gods, titular gods of the kings, were Shuqamuna and Shumaliya. The Canaan has been plundered into every sort of woe: The Absurd History Of Papal Edicts Concerning Jews, How Well Do You Know Your Bible? I. M. Diakonoff and S. M. Kashkai, Geographical Names According to Urartian Texts, Rpertoire Gographique des Textes Cuniformes 9, Wiesbaden, 1979. 470 f.; Sassmannshausen, 1999, pp. The Kassites hardly penetrated the fields where acquaintance with the scribal art was required. The texts from the Kassite Period (1600-1160 BCE) start to overlap with the biblical texts of the Old Testament because at this point most nations already had developed a written language and new technologies allowed for communications to now be written down and passed along to others. Middle Babylonian documents from Nuzi have the form Ku-u-u (-h), i.e., with the Hurrian adjectival ending -e (Fincke, 1993, pp. A. Map Store - Download High-Res Maps and Images, 2023, Bible History | All rights reserved, Middle Babylonian Period (1595 - 1000 BC). 131 f.). If we reference this ancient trade route map it will show us where the Kassites (Semitic people, Akkad, pdf; Akkadian, pdf) once lived, in the mountains east of Mesopotamia. 411 f.) is of the opinion that they penetrated from the central Zagros via the lower Diyala region into northern Babylonia, notably the Sippar region during the late Old Babylonian period. Thank you for your help! Cush here probably refers, not to Ethiopia, but to the land of the Kassites in the mountains of east of Mesopotamia. The Worst Televangelist Product Scams Of All Time. . Last modified August 03, 2011. Kassite, member of an ancient people known primarily for establishing the second, or middle, Babylonian dynasty; they were believed (perhaps wrongly) to have originated in the Zagros Mountains of Iran. These are caretakers of the people and the closest they have to political leaders. This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. Chronicles and king lists are imprecise, and although the Kassite kings traditionally ruled over Babylonia for 576 years, it is probable that the first Kassite kings reigned in Babylonia simultaneously with the last kings of the first Babylonian dynasty; thus Gandash, the first Kassite king, possibly began his reign about the middle of the 18th century bc, but not at Babylon. J. Fincke, Die Orts- und Gewssernamen der Nuzi-Texte, Rpertoire Gographique des Textes Cuniformes 10, Wiesbaden, 1993. 166-195, Frans van Koppen (2006). 12.000 tablets, mostly unpublished) from the Kassite period is contained in an administrative archive which was excavated in Nippur and covers the period from ca. The Kassites, a tribe from the Zagros mountains in present-day Iran, arrived in Babylonia and filled a vacuum left by the Hittite invasion. This is the first entry which will cover the Kassite period (1600-1160 BCE). Radical changes took place in the military organization as well (see Sassmannshausen, 2001, p. 181). J. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. XVI, Fasc. Possible traces of Kassites in Iranian nomenclature are negligible, for instance, Kagn, Kaakn < Kaaka@n, i.e., possibly "land of the Kassites" in Iran (see Eilers, 1957-58, p. 135). Katiliau and the Sumundar Canal: A New Middle Babylonian Royal Inscription. The letters M-S in ancient Egyptian mean to come from. Abraham was born in 1912bce, or 1948 from Adam, when Noah was 58 years old His son Shem was Malchitzedek, and Shems daughter was Tamar who became the mother Judahs twin sons (Peretz and Zarach). 91-113. Kassite, member of an ancient people known primarily for establishing the second, or middle, Babylonian dynasty; they were believed (perhaps wrongly) to have originated in the Zagros Mountains of Iran. Numerous educational institutions recommend us, including Oxford University. Most cultic offices and lower administrative ranks were almost exclusively in the hands of Babylonians (Akkadians). The Kassites unified Mesopotamia into one culture centred around Babylon The HURRIANS c. 905-886 BC Also known as Hanigalbat, the Hurrians were Indo-Iranian warrior people who filled the vacuum left in central and northern Mesopotamia after the segregation and fall of their city kingdoms. Early Periods, 4. The World History Encyclopedia logo is a registered trademark. Goblets and wavy sided bowls are commonly found in Kassite pottery deposits. There were nearly thirty rulers who controlled Babylon under the reign of the Kassites, and they started with Agum II and ended with Enlil-nadin-ahi. Why are Genesis 10 and 11 "significant" chapters? Major construction occurred under Kadashman-Enlil, Kudur-Enlil, and Shagarakti-Shuriash, with lesser levels of repair work under Adad-shuma-usur and Meli-Shipak. 219-45. K. De Graef, Les trangers dans les textes palobabyloniens tardifs de Sippar (Abi-eu-Samsuditana): 1ire partie: Sur les inconnus connus: Cassites, Elamites, Sutens, Suens, Gutens et Subarens, Akkadica 111, 1998, pp. (2011, August 03). and ruled the area for 576 years. Its end is dated to 1150 BCE. 3, 1973, pp. A. Armstrong, S. W. Cole, and V. G. Gurzadyan, Dating the Fall of Babylon: A Reappraisal of Second-Millennium Chronology (a Joint Ghent-Chicago-Harvard Project), Mesopotamian History and Environment 2: Memoirs 4. Slavery was common, but not the dominant factor of the workforce. Christ was an incarnation of Yah-Veh. 54, 1992, pp. 58, no. The Kushites are the Nilo-Saharan peoples who contributed their binary worldview to the ancient Afro-Asiatic world. Museum, British. Volume 1 Kardunia. This document includes a graphic timeline (imagemap) and a hypertexted text timeline "uqamuna und u/imalija." The temples that the Kassite kings built or rebuilt are mainly in the Babylonian tradition, although one Kassite innovation was the use of molded bricks to form figures in relief. It contained a number of palaces and also temples to many Babylonia gods including Enlil, Ninlil, and Ninurta. The Kissites used their alliances to help repel enemies and to establish a trade. Remember that Hebrews existed before the Egyptian captivity. About 200 additional lexical elements can be gained by the analysis of the more numerous anthroponyms, toponyms, theonyms, and horse names used by the Kassites (see Balkan, 1954, passim; Jaritz, 1957 is to be used with caution). Babylonia under the Kassites 1, edited by Alexa Bartelmus and Katja Sternitzke, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2017, pp. K. Jaritz, Die kassitische Sprachreste, Anthropos 52, 1957, pp. Please note that content linked from this page may have different licensing terms. 409-24. (Deuteronomy 4:19 NIV), Joshua said to all the people, This is what the LORD, the God of Israel, says: Long ago your ancestors, including Terah the father of Abraham and Nahor, lived beyond the Euphrates River and worshiped other gods. 65, no. 412-18. According to other ancient texts found concerning the Habiru, they were found to live all along the fertile crescent in the 2nd millennium BCE. The Interpreter's Commentary on the Bible p. 5. of Pientka, Sptaltbabylonische Zeit, OLZ 95, 2000, pp. (paternal name) seem to be the only ones which resemble names with relevance to Kassites (cf. 174-190, Bass, George F., et al. The Kassites: The History and Legacy of the Ancient Civilization that Ruled the Babylonian Empire after Hammurabi and the First Babylonian Dynasty eBook : Charles River Editors: Amazon.co.uk: Kindle Store 351-58. The ancient Near East: historical sources in translation. Kassites held important positions in the state sector as late as Nab-mukn-aplis reign (978-943 BCE). But how can people not see Ahmose named her son Ahmose because she pulled him from the water. Israel is laid waste and his seed is not; Israel is also mentioned in the base of a statue from Egypt. 4, 1965, pp. ISBN 978-9004430914. The Kassite Dynasty refurbished many of the ancient Babylonian cities and constructed a new city called Dur Kurigalzu (named after one of the Kassite kings) near modern Baghdad. "Ethiopian" was a Greek term for black-skinned peoples generally, often applied to Kush (which was well known to the Hebrews and often mentioned in the Hebrew Bible). the Kassites, take over this region, and you can see them . The few sources consist of personal names, a few documents, and some technical terms related to horses and chariotry. J. Eidem, The Shemshra Tablets 2: The Administrative Texts, the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters, Historisk-filosofiske Skrifter 15, Copenhagen, 1982. [27] An International System came into place between these parties connected by widespread trade, treaties, and intermarriage between the ruling classes (especially between the Kassites and Elamites). A. Brinkman, Kassiten (Kass), RLA, vol. Kings with Kassite names appeared on the middle Euphrates during the 17th century BCE. Please note that some of these recommendations are listed under our old name, Ancient History Encyclopedia. 14151155 BCE." Museum, B. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. [25] As the Babylonian empire weakened in the following years the Kassites became a part of the landscape, even at times supplying troops for Babylon. The specific purpose and intent of this entry is to present research on biblical synchronisms; references to the same or supposedly same historical events from multiple cultures. Krishna was at once an incarnation of Vishnu and Shiva. Therefore it is clear that the King List includes ancestors of the Kassite kings (cf. Press, 1997, Kjaerum, F. SEALS OF DILMUN-TYPE FROM FAILAKA, KUWAIT. Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies, vol. Sassmannshausen (2001, p. 137) infers that they were subjected to Kassite inspectors. The Kassites produced a substantial amount of pottery. The work at Isin was initated by Kurigalzu I and continued by Kadashman-Enlil I, and after a lapse, by Adad-shuma-usur and Meli-Shipak II. Ghent, 1998. R. Pientka, Die Sptaltbabylonische Zeit: Abieu bis Samsuditana: Quellen, Jahresdaten, Geschichte, 1, 2, Imgula 2, Mnster, 1998. 3, 1982, pp. : The Documentary Evidence, AJA 76, 1972, pp. The Kassites, controlled Mesopotamia from 1595 to 1157 B.C. 17 ff. 11, no. A. [51] It is found in many Moesoptamia cities including Eridu and Tell Khaiber. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. 437-478, Malko, Helen. The Journal of Ancient EgyptianInterconnections makes a very strong argument that it is not representing Israel but the field is quite divided on this piece. 1, 2006, pp. Volume 1 Kardunia. Corrections? 247 ff., 258 f.). and debt slaves, thereby containing internal inequalities of wealth and legal status (slave-free continuum: see Brinkman, 1982). Another ancient Middle Eastern people known as the Elam finally defeated the last Kassite ruler in 12 B.C. Either way, the Amarna texts (#287-290) give an excellent insight into the turmoil that was going on around the same time that Joshua marched into the land. Brinkman, 1986). "6. World History Encyclopedia, 03 Aug 2011. Iran 12.1 (1974): 99-124. The Assyrians were great warriors. Kassites. 11-15). [2] A dynasty of Kassite origin ruled Babylonia starting with the fifteenth century BCE. Ancient Orient Museum, Duck-shaped weight mentioning the name of the priest Mashallim-Marduk, Kassite, from Babylon. The Amarna letters show marriage contracts between Egypt's 18th dynasty and the Kassites. The Assyrians Reception of a victorious. of M. Salvini, The Habiru Prism of King Tunip-Teup of Tikunani, Documenta Asiana: Collana di Studi sullAnatolia e lAsia Anteriore antica diretta da Mirjo Salvini 3, Rome, 1996, Archiv fr Orientforschung 46/47, 1999-2000, pp. Please support World History Encyclopedia. 106, no. The Kassites ( / ksats /) were people of the ancient Near East, who controlled Babylonia after the fall of the Old Babylonian Empire c. 1531 BC and until c. 1155 BC ( short chronology ). 41, no. Where Archaeology Meets The Bible: Kassite Peri Where Archaeology Meets The Bible: Middle Babylonian Period [1000 - 625 BCE] | Dust Off The Bible. Archaeologists divide it into three periods, Early Kassite (pre c. 1415 BC), Middle Kassite (c 1415 BC - 1225 BC), and Late Kassite (c. 1225 BC - 1155 BC). ), whose kings were native Babylonians. and accepts with reservations V. G. Gurzadyans eclipse identifications (1458 and 1451 BCE). ; Pientka, 1998, pp. J. This article is available in print.Vol. Temples were granted whole villages with the tillers, who stood in dependency and an exploitation relationship (see Oelsner, 1982a, 1982b). M. Van De Mieroop, A History of the Ancient Near East, ca. A. "The Bronze Age Shipwreck at Ulu Burun: 1986 Campaign." In most of the pertinent filiations the father has a Kassite, and the son a Babylonian, name. Several Kassite tribes and clans bore Akkadian and atypical names (Sassmannshausen, 2001, pp. What Is The Eye Of The Needle (Matthew 19:23-24 / Mark 10:25)? 1-44, van Koppen, Frans. Idem, Kossaioi, in Pauly-Wissowa, RE 22, 1922, pp. They conquered lands in Mesopotamia and in what is now Turkey. Easily See 6017 Years of Biblical and World History Together! Attractive design ideal for your home, office, church . A Middle Babylonian Legal Document Raising Problems in Kassite Chronology. Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. Trustees of the British Museum. In the 207th letter Ipte praises Baal of the sun, for delivering him in battle against the Apiru. It was discovered in 1896 and is stored in the Cairo Museum currently. Jt. B. Landsberger, Assyrische Knigsliste und dunkles Zeitalter, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 8, 1954, pp. [26] We would much rather spend this money on producing more free history content for the world. Babylonia was divided into two kingdoms, that of the Kassites in the north and the Sealand in the south, including Uruk, Ur, and Larsa. Louvre Museum, reference AO 22355, (Shamshi-Adad dynasty18081736 BCE)(Amorites)Shamshi-Adad I Ishme-Dagan I Mut-Ashkur Rimush Asinum Ashur-dugul Ashur-apla-idi Nasir-Sin Sin-namir Ipqi-Ishtar Adad-salulu Adasi M. Hlscher, Die Personennamen der kassitenzeitlischen Texte aus Nippur, Imgula 1, Mnster, 1996. Katiliau of Terqa was probably a contemporary of Abi-euh (1711-1684 BCE; see Podany, 2002, pp. Our collection of maps are simple and they are free. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. "18. In the time of Old Babylonia they were hired mercenaries for the state and also formed bands of outlaw rebels against the state. 44 f., 59). Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Babylonia under the Kassites 2, edited by Alexa Bartelmus and Katja Sternitzke, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2017, pp. van Soldt Grammatical Irregularities in Middle Babylonian Texts and their Chronology 165 Helen Malko The Kassites of Babylonia: A Re-examination of an Ethnic Identity 177 Odette Boivin The Palace as Economic Production . Old Testament Overview - General survey of the Old Testament. "10. For a time I said I was an atheist. 1570 or 1560 BCE; see Zadok, 1999-2000, pp. Babylonia was next invaded by the Kassites in the period 1550-1169 b.c. The most advanced Bible dictionary as a part of Biblia Plus, which includes everything you need to take your Bible study to the next level. The Kassite (or presumably such) clans are Bimat (including the houses [h] of Nanakt) and possibly the Samhar (De Graef, 1998, pp. Why Did Christ Ride a Donkey on His Triumphant Entry? [18] Often situated on the surface, many were found early and made their way to museums around the world. 27181. It is mostly translated as "Ur of the Chaldeans." The problem with "Chaldeans" is that it is a late word used in the Neo-Babylonian times. Unfortunately, it is not certain whether or not this is a clear reference to Israel. Given that their existence was before Joshua and the Canaan conquest, it is difficult to label these rebels as Hebrews specifically from Egypt. There are very few filiations with the father bearing a Babylonian name. Fourteen letters were exchanged between the pharaohs and two successive Kassite kings, Kadaman-Enlil I (1369-55 BCE) and Burnaburia II (1354-28 BCE). They were the Babylonians in the south and the Assyrians to the north. K. Nashef, Die Orts- und Gewssernamen der mittelbabylonischen und mittelassyrischen Zeit, Rpertoire Gographique des Textes Cuniformes 5, Wiesbaden, 1982. Jahrtausend v.Chr., Rpertoire Gographique des Textes Cuniformes 12/2, Wiesbaden, 2001. 2005. The earliest occurrence of an individual with a Kassite name in Babylonia is from Rm-Sn Is 53rd year (1770 BCE). No, King David Never Danced Naked Before The Lord, Top 10 Worst Christian Fashions And Clothing. 9 f.) thinks that the governor of Nippur was the head of the Babylonian aristocrats, but his suggestion, namely, that in the personality of the governor of Nippur was manifested to a certain degree the personality of a second king, cannot be substantiated. [47] What is known is that their language was not related to either the Indo-European language group, nor to Semitic or other Afro-Asiatic languages, and is most likely to have been a language isolate, although some linguists have proposed a link to the Hurro-Urartian languages of the Armenian highlands and Northern Mesopotamia.