In response to the Throckmorton Plot, Elizabeths advisors drafted the Bond of Association, which was aimed at deterring any further plots. What were the causes of westward As King Phillip II ruled the Netherlands, he had control over the access to these vital Dutch ports and he could, therefore, limit English access. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 4th explanation. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. The powerful countries in Europe at that time - France and Spain - were Catholic and the plots against Elizabeth often . As the war ended, Philip II of Spain wanted to stay on good . Am I doing my History A-Level coursework correctly? Can I give a retake in the feb/march if I had given my exams in the may/June series. Despite the failure of 1585, another attempt to colonise Virginia took place. The Pope, as head of the Catholic Church, could rally support for these plots and for some Catholics, obeying the Pope was more important than obedience to Elizabeth. There were two important reasons why France was seen as a threat to England. The features and significance of the Ridolfi, Throckmorton and Babington plots. Anthony Babington, an English Catholic, wrote to Mary about the plot. The Act of Supremacy The queen's reassertion of control over religious matters was achieved via the April 1559 CE Act of Supremacy, once more closing the door on the Pope. Marriage to a foreign prince would ensure a foreign alliance and would have strengthened England against threats from abroad. There were fewer naval ships anchored there and the port was the centre for a large number of naval supplies which Drake intended to either seize or destroy. The rest of the Spanish fleet was forced to sail away from the French coast and into the North Sea with the English fleet on their trail. [The conclusion establishes relative importance and explains why one factor was more important than another.]. This delayed the Spanish attack and gave the English more time to prepare (hence the attempted invasion of the Armada one year later in 1588). Boston Spa, There was a very real risk that he could form an alliance with other Catholic powers such as France and Spain and invade England. Sue Gray quits the civil service to become Starmer's aide: is it a big deal? This forced the Spanish fleet to travel into the dangerous waters off the Scottish and Irish coasts. Norfolk was also expected to marry Mary. In this sense, the colonisation of Virginia should be understood in relation to the wider conflict with Spain. This time, however, the evidence gathered by Walsingham was enough to persuade Elizabeth to put Mary on trial. Before she came to the throne her mother Mary of Guise ruled Scotland while she remained in France married to the French prince Francis. As Phillip was a devout Catholic, he disliked Elizabeths religious settlement and Protestanism. He chose to sail around Scotland and Ireland which presented a dangerous route which the Spanish sailors were unfamiliar with. Protestants (notably John Knox) initially claimed female rule was unnatural or monstrous, while Roman Catholics judged . The execution of Mary, Queen of Scots eventually took place on 8th February 1587. Before the rebel army was able to reach Tutbury, a large royal army forced them to retreat. The Spanish had planned to come alongside their opponents and attempt to board their ships to try to overcome the enemy through hand-to-hand fighting. The plan was supported by various Catholic nobles, including the Earls of Northumberland and Westmorland as this would mean Elizabeth (a Protestant) could be succeeded by a Catholic queen. The English Catholics now had no-one they could rally around and effectively lost hope of ever replacing Elizabeth. He was the son of King Henry VIII by his third wife, Jane Seymour.Throughout the realm, the people greeted the birth of a male heir, "whom we hungered for so long", with joy and relief. The child cried when he saw the _______ of his favorite toy in the driveway. He also used double agents to infiltrate Catholic networks. Her forty-five year reign was constantly under threat, which makes the fact that she was able to overcome these for forty-five years even more remarkable. JPs provided the able-bodied with raw materials (like wool) to make items to sell. The raid on Cadiz was a good strategic move by the English and not only weakened the Spanish, but strengthened the English. No Payment details required and completelyRisk Free. The invasion failed, however. Elizabeth chose to give direct help to the rebels by signing the Treaty of Nonsuch, which placed the Netherlands under her protection and promised military help. The aim was to rid France of heresy (Protestantism). Moreover, a child would create more stability domestically and nullify challenges to the throne (like that from Mary Queen of Scots) as a political vacuum would have been filled. Save. The death of Spains leading admiral, Santa Cruz, in February 1588, led to the appointment of the inexperienced Duke of Medina Sidonia to lead the Spanish Armada. The Spanish Fury united both the Dutch Catholics and Protestants, who demanded in response to the violence: 1) the expulsion of all Spanish troops from the Netherlands 2) political freedom and 3) an end to religious hostility via the Spanish Inquisition. Another reason Dudley failed was a number of his officers were divided over questions of strategy. (4 marks) According to many people at the time Mary Queen of Scots had a stronger claim to the . 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. Here then, military alliances, English weaknesses, questions of legitimacy and the influence of religion all meant Elizabeth was very vulnerable upon her accession. Another problem Elizabeth I had when she ascended to the throne in 1558 was the problems she had with illegitimacy. Elizabeth was actually popular which meant those conspiring to overthrow her lacked public support. The Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis of April 1559 between Spain and France was meant to be the start of lasting peace between the two. (*fragmentary*). The loss of ships, weapons and supplies were proving incredibly costly for Spain as these needed to be replaced and obtaining fresh supplies put a strain on Spains finances. Many people refused to recognize Elizabeth as a legitimate heir because her mother was Anne Boleyn, who was Henry VIIIs second wife. The war was going badly for England. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! Elizabeth and Philipthese two powerful peoplewould begin their relationship peacefully, even warmly, but they would become enemies, facing off in a battle of empires and faiths that would . Many expected a decisive battle between Henry II and Philip II. The attack was a success. The Protestant Elizabeth certainly faced difficulties upon becoming Queen with regard to legitimacy, especially from English Catholics and the wider Catholic world. The raid on Cadiz proved to be a major setback for King Phillips plans to invade England and delayed the Armada by more than a year. Mary Queen of Scots was married to . However, the Dutch had always governed themselves. August 3rd - 4th: Spanish ships were outgunned and forced to move to Calais in France. Most of the fleet was then destroyed by storms. However, the Privy Council had put huge pressure on Elizabeth to marry and urged her to take a husband in late 1559, which suggests that the Privy Council would have agreed on a suitor had there been someone suitable as they realised the importance of securing a Protestant English throne and the Tudor dynasty, and perhaps it was this lack of a suitable suitor that caused Elizabeth to remain . - I partly agree with the statement as both France and Spain were powerful Catholic countries, who could unite against Protestant England. A war would have to involve invasion because after 1558 England had no possessions in mainland Europe (Calais had been lost in 1558). LS23 6AD What made the Auld Alliance stronger at this time was the fact that Mary, Queen of Scots was married to the French Prince Francis II. At the beginning of her reign, an obvious candidate for Elizabeth to marry was her half sister's widow, Phillip of Spain. Spain and France were also involved in these plots and so there was always the danger of a foriegn invasion. Apple Ordered to Pay Optis Wireless $300 Million in Second LTE Patent Trial. This Papal Bull meant that the loyalty of English Catholics towards Elizabeth was now always in doubt and placed a wedge between the English Catholics monarch and their faith. By instinct, Elizabeth was a If those Catholics decided to rebel against . As the closest person to God in the eyes of the Catholics, obeying the Pope was of paramount importance and this meant Elizabeth had to be suspicious of other Catholic threats at home. Elizabeth had given financial help to the rebels, however, remained reluctant to provoke King Phillip by getting directly involved. A significant amount of the Spanish troops lacked the experience of naval warfare, whereas the English fleet was manned by experienced sailors. John White led another group to Roanoke, 3 years after the attempt to colonise it. The Spanish plan to meet the Duke of Parma at Dunkirk was seriously flawed. [A clear summary of the arguments, once more making the link between Mary, the Pope and Catholic interference.]. The rebellion involved a force of approximately 5500 men and, for approximately a month, the north of England (from Alnwick to Pontefract, east of the Pennines) was in the control of the northern earls. Ironically the simple accession of Elizabeth in 1558 made any desire for a settlement so much more difficult. Good explanation and link back to the question here at the end of the paragraph.]. LS23 6AD Elizabeth I: a biography. For two weeks of the second half of November, Catholic mass was heard at Durham Cathedral too (with all evidence of Protestantism destroyed). The ships that did manage to make the journey back ran short of supplies, and many men died of starvation and disease. See our A-Level Essay Example on To what extent should changes in the relationship between monarchy and parliament from 1529 to 1640 be seen as arising from divisions over the future of the church?, British History: Monarchy & Politics now at Marked By Teachers. Two influential Catholic families the Percys and the Nevilles plotted alongside the Duke of Norfolk to overthrow Elizabeth and replace her with the Catholic, Mary, Queen of Scots (who now resided in England). William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley, Burghley also spelled Burleigh, also called (1551-71) Sir William Cecil, (born Sept. 13, 1520, Bourne, Lincolnshire, Eng.died Aug. 5, 1598, London), principal adviser to England's Queen Elizabeth I through most of her reign. These problems included Gender, Religion, Finance and Foreign policy. He would often return with huge amounts of treasure for Queen Elizabeth. A very detailed response which demonstrates excellent subject knowledge and reaches a clear judgement based on justifiable criteria. This pleased those eager for her to marry, but made many unhappy because they did not want her to marry a French Catholic. Boston House, This caused panic among the Spanish sailors, who cut their anchor cables and broke their defensive formation as they headed for the open sea. In 1584, the rebel leader, William the Silent was assassinated, and the Dutch resistance was at risk of defeat. The strength of this relationship was shown by the fact that French troops were stationed on the English and Scottish border. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. To know the dates for your GCSE exams for 2020, you firstly need to identify which exam board you are studying for your subject. Fearful of the wrath of Catholic powerhouses, France and Spain, Elizabeth did not want to be perceived as Europes leading Protestant. Stimulus = Mary Queen of Scots arrival in England / The sea beggars, [Examiner commentary following each paragraph and at the end is provided in italics], ____________________________________________________. Her first husband, Francis II, had died in December 1560. Parents: Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. LS23 6AD Many of the rebel troops deserted while the two Earls fled to Scotland. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 4th point + evidence. Spouse: None. The Council was controlled by southern Protestants and this caused resentment by the northern nobles. The Spanish responded by doing the same to the English. Topic guides / However, the Act also established a national poor rate, made JPs (Justices of the Peace) keep registers of the poor and gave towns and cities the responsibility to find work for the able-bodied poor. . The Spanish Armada sailed in 1588 and was completely defeated by the English. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. Coronation: 15 January 1559, Westminster Abbey. -Elizabeth forced to impose strict penalties against Catholics (penal laws) which enforced religious settlement and protected England against Catholic influence.